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2. ÅëÀÏÀ» À§ÇÑ µ¿µ¶ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±â¿©

 

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4. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿­¸° â

 

1989³â ¿©¸§, µ¿µ¶ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ½Ã¹ÎµéÀÌ Çë°¡¸®³ª üÄÚ¸¦ °ÅÃÄ ³ª¶ó¸¦ ¶°³µ´Ù. ¾ï¾ÐÀûÀÎ Á¤±Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø°³ ½ÃÀ§´Â ¸ÅÁÖ ¼ýÀÚ°¡ Áõ°¡Çß´Ù. ¸ÅÁÖ ¿ù¿äÀÏ ¿ÀÈÄ 5½Ã¿¡´Â Àü±¹ÀÇ ±³È¸µéÀÌ ÆòÈ­±âµµ¸¦ ÁøÇàÇß´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ÆòÈ­±âµµ ¿îµ¿Àº 80³â´ë ÃÊ¿¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´ø ¿îµ¿ÀÌ´Ù. Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Âü¿©Çß°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀεé°ú ÅëÀÏÀ» ¹Ù¶ó´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ±âµµ¿¡ ÁýÁßÇß´Ù. “¿ì¸®´Â ±Øº¹Çϸ®¶ó”¿Í °°Àº Âù¼Û°¡´Â Àڽۨ°ú Èñ¸ÁÀ» ¾ò´Â µ¥ µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±³È¸´Â ´©±¸¿¡°Ô³ª ¿­·Á ÀÖ´Â ÂüÀ¸·Î ¼º½º·¯¿î °÷À̾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀεéÀÌ Á¦°øÇÑ Àå¼Ò¿¡¼­ ¼ö ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸¸³²À» °¡Á³´Ù. ±âµµ¿¡ ÁýÁßÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé°ú º¯È­¸¸À» À§ÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû ÀÇÁ¦¿¡ ÁýÁßÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡´Â ±äÀå°¨ÀÌ µ¹¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼ö´ÔÀÇ »ê»ó¼öÈÆ¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÈ º¹À½ÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» üÇèÇß´Ù. ¾ÐÁ¦ÀûÀÎ µ¶ÀçÀÇ Æø·Â°ú À§ÇùÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ±³È¸´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¼£·Ò°ú ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Æò°­°ú ¼º·ÉÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÌ ¿ª»çÇÏ´Â °÷ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±âµµ ÈÄ ¸¹Àº µµ½ÃÀÇ °Å¸®¿¡¼­ ½ÃÀ§°¡ À̾îÁ³´Ù. ¹ÎÁ߿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¹°¡ÀÇ °øÆ÷¿Í Æø·ÂÀû ¹ÝÀÀÀº Ä¿Á³Áö¸¸ ½ÃÀ§´Â Áý´Ü Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î ³¡³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.

1989³â 11¿ù º£¸¦¸° À庮ÀÇ °Ë¹®¼Ò°¡ ¿­·È´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº ÀüÇô ¿¹»óÄ¡ ¸øÇÑ ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿ì¿¬È÷ ÀϾ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. Á¤ºÎ ´ëº¯ÀÎÀº ±âÀÚȸ°ß¿¡¼­ °ð ¿©ÇàÀÌ ´õ ½¬¿öÁú °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ´©±º°¡ ¹°¾ú´Ù. “Á¤ºÎ´Â ¾ðÁ¦ ±¹°æÀ» ¿©³ª¿ä?” ´ëº¯ÀÎÀº “ÀÌÁ¦ °¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù!”¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº Áï½Ã °Ë¹®¼Ò·Î °¬°í º¸¾È ¿ä¿øµéÀº È¥¶õÀ» ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇØ °ÔÀÌÆ®¸¦ ¿­¾ú´Ù. °©ÀÚ±â ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀÌ °¡´ÉÇØÁ³´Ù. °ð ´õ ¸¹Àº ÀýÂ÷°¡ µû¶ú´Ù. À庮 ºØ±«¿Í ÅëÀÏ »çÀÌÀÇ Áß°£ ±â°£¿¡ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀº ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ¼³Ä¡µÈ "¿øŹ"¿¡ Âü¿©Çß´Ù. Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ ±¹°¡ Â÷¿ø¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö º¯È­¸¦ À§ÇØ ³ë·ÂÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÆòÈ­·Ó°í Á¤´çÇÑ À̵¿À» °ü¸®ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³íÀÇÇß´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î Á¤ºÎ¿Í º¸¾È °æÂûÀÇ ¹®¼­°¡ Æı«µÇÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇÏ¿© ºÒÀÇ°¡ Æø·ÎµÇ°í ÇÇÇØ°¡ ÀØÇôÁöÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿ì¼±À̾ú´Ù. ±³È¸¿¡¼­ È°µ¿ÀûÀ̾ú´ø »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ °úÁ¤À» °¡Àå Àß À̲ø¾ú´Ù. ±³È¸´Â µ¶ÀçÁ¤±Ç¿¡¼­µµ ¹ÎÁÖÀûÀÎ ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤ÀÇ Àå¼Ò¿´´Ù.

¿¬ÇÕ°¨¸®±³È¸ÀÇ ¸¶Æ¾ ·© ¸ñ»ç´Â ´ç½Ã µ¿µ¶ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ ±³È¸ ÇùÀÇȸ Ãѹ«·Î ÀçÁ÷ ÁßÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç Àü±¹ ¿øŹ ȸÀÇÀÇ 3ÀÎ »çȸÀÚ Áß ÇÑ ¸íÀ¸·Î °¨¸®±³ ȸÀÇ¿¡¼­ÀÇ °æÇèÀ» ÅëÇØ ¾öû³­ º¯È­ °úÁ¤À» ÃËÁøÇß´Ù.

ÅëÀÏÀº ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼ö°í¿Í Àγ»ÀÇ °á½ÇÀ̾ú°í, ¸ð½ºÅ©¹ÙÀÇ °Å´ëÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû º¯È­ÀÇ °á°ú¿´À¸¸ç, ±âµµÀÇ ÀÀ´äÀ̾ú´Ù. °â¼Õ°ú °¨»çÇÔÀ¸·Î ±³È¸°¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ÇàÀ§ÀÚ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» °£ÁõÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. 1990³â ÀÌÈÄ ÅëÀÏ °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ±³È¸´Â ´õ ÀÌ»ó Áß¿äÇÑ °÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® µ¿¼­ÀÇ ±³È¸´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ÇϳªÀÇ ±³È¸·Î Àç°áÇÕÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ³»ºÎ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º¿¡ À绡¸® ÁýÁßÇß´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó¿Í ¼¼°è¸¦ À§ÇØ °ü·Ã¼ºÀ» À¯ÁöÇÒ ±âȸ¸¦ ³õÃÆÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

5. °è¼ÓµÇ´Â ±äÀå°ú ºÐ¿­

 

±â»Ý°ú ÃàÇÏÀÇ ½Ã°£À» º¸³½ ÈÄ ±¸ µ¿µ¶ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ ±¸Á¶, °ø°ø ¼­ºñ½º, °æÁ¦ ¹× »çȸ »ýÈ°À» Á¶Á÷Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀº ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î ÀÏÀÌ µÇ¾úÁö¸¸ ¼­ºÎ¿¡¼­ÀÇ »îÀº Å« È¥¶õ ¾øÀÌ °è¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù. µ¿µ¶ÀÇ »ê¾÷Àº ¹«³ÊÁ³´Ù. ¸¹Àº ȸ»ç°¡ ¹®À» ´Ý¾Ò°í ½Ç¾÷·üÀÌ ´Ã¾ú´Ù. »õ·Î ¼³¸³µÈ ȸ»ç¿Í Á¤ºÎ Á÷Ã¥À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ °ø¹«¿øÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ Á÷Ã¥Àº ¼­µ¶ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁ³´Ù. ÀÎÇÁ¶ó¸¦ ±¸ÃàÇÏ°í »ýÈ° ¼öÁØÀ» ±ÕµîÈ­ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¸¹Àº µ·ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ¾úÁö¸¸ µ¿µ¶ÀÇ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº ºÎ´çÇÑ ´ë¿ì¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù°í ´À²¼´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÆйèÀÚ ¶Ç´Â ¼­±¸ °æÁ¦ÀÇ Ãູ¿¡ °¨»çÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¼ö·ÉÀÚ·Î ÀνÄÇß´Ù. ÀÌ °­ÀǸ¦ ÁغñÇϸ鼭 ´ëÈ­¸¦ ³ª´« µ¿µ¶ÀÇ ÇÑ ¸ñ»ç´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù. “¼­µ¶¿¡¼­ ¿Â µ¿·áµéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÌ Ç×»ó ¿ª»çÀÇ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ Æí¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í È®½ÅÇÏ´Â °Í °°¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.”

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ªÇÐÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú°í ¸¹Àº ÀϵéÀÌ Àß ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ µ¶ÀÏÀÌ ÇϳªÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡°¡ µÈ °ÍÀº ÃູÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®°¡ ´õ ¹Î°¨ÇÏ°Ô ¼­·ÎÀÇ ¸»À» µé¾ú´Ù¸é ´õ ÀßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â º¯È­¿¡ ½Ã°£ÀÌ °É¸°´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. °¨¸®±³ ¸ñ»çÀÎ º¼ÇÁ°­ ·ç³ëÇÁ´Â 1991³â ¸ñȸÀÚ ¸ðÀÓ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»Çß´Ù. “¿­¸° ±¹°æÀÌ ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿­¸° ¸¶À½À¸·Î À̾îÁø´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¿À·ùÀÓÀÌ ÀÔÁõµÇ¾ú´Ù.” ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ “¿ì¸®(µ¿, ¼­µ¶ÀÎ)´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿¹»óÇß´ø °Íº¸´Ù ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô ÈξÀ ´õ ³¸¼³¾ú°í ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÇØ°ü°è¿¡ À̲ø·Á ¿Ô´Ù” °í ¸»Çß´Ù. ÅëÀÏÀ» ÇâÇÑ °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸® µ¶ÀÏÀº ¼­µ¶À» ÇâÇÑ Á¶±ÞÇÔ°ú ¹«Áö ¶§¹®¿¡ ±âȸ¸¦ ³õÃÆ´Ù.

ÅëÀÏ 33³âÀÌ Áö³­ ¿À´Ã, µ¿¼­°£ ±äÀåÀÌ ´Ù½Ã °íÁ¶µÇ´Â µíÇÏ´Ù. ±¸ µ¿µ¶ Áö¿ªÀÎ “½Å¿¬¹æÁÖ”¿¡¼­´Â »õ·Î¿î ¿ìÀÍ Á¤´çÀÎ “µ¶ÀÏ´ëÇÑ´ç”ÀÌ ¼­µ¶¿¡¼­º¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº °ü½ÉÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¼­µ¶ »ç¶÷µéÀº µ¿µ¶»ç¶÷µéÀ» ±×·± ÀÌÀ¯·Î ºñ³­Çß´Ù. º®Àº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸¶À½ ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÚ¸® Àâ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±³È¸¿¡¼­´Â ÁÁµç ³ª»Úµç ´õ ÀÌ»ó “¼­ÂÊ”- “µ¿ÂÊ” ¹®Á¦¸¦ ³íÀÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±³È¸¿¡¼­ ¸¸³²Àº ÀÖÁö¸¸ °ú°Å¿Í ÇöÀçÀÇ ºÐ¿­¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ÅÀÇ À̾߱âÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. µ¶ÀÏ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â 44,816¸íÀÇ °¨¸®±³ÀÎ Áß ¾à 1/3ÀÌ ±¸ µ¿µ¶ Áö¿ª¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸î¸î ¿¹¿Ü¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í Áß¾ÓÃÑȸÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä »ç¹«½ÇÀº ³²µ¶ÀÏ¿¬È¸ ȸ¿øµéÀÌ Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ±¹°¡, ÇϳªÀÇ ±³È¸ÀÌÁö¸¸ ±¹°æÀ» ³Ñ¾î »ç¶û¹Þ°í Á¤ÀÇ·Î¿î °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ °Ç¼³ÇÏ´Â ÀÓ¹«´Â °è¼ÓµÈ´Ù.

 

6. ¹è¿ò

 

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µÑ°, ¿ì¸®´Â ºÏÇÑÀÇ ÇÙ¹«±â ´É·Â ȹµæÀ» ¸·À¸·Á´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¸í½ÃÀûÀÎ ¸ñÀû¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇßÁö¸¸ ºÏÇÑ Çѱ¹ÀΰúÀÇ ¿Ü±³Àû Çù·Â°ú Á¤Ä¡Àû ´ëÈ­¿¡ Áß´ëÇÑ Àå¾Ö¸¦ ÃÊ·¡ÇÑ ºÏÇÑ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖ´ë ¾Ð¹Ú Á¦Àç ¿ÏÈ­¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ °è¼ÓÇؼ­ ¸ØÃßÁö ¾Ê°í ±âµµÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô °í¹éÇؾßÇÑ´Ù. “±×(±×¸®½ºµµ)´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ È­ÆòÀ̽ÅÁö¶ó µÑ·Î Çϳª¸¦ ¸¸µå»ç Áß°£¿¡ ¸·Èù ´ãÀ» Çã½Ã°í.” (¿¡º£¼Ò¼­ 2:14)

 

Bishop Rosemarie Wenner, Geneva Secretary World Methodist Council

Lecture Round Table for Peace on the Korean Peninsula August 28-29, 2023

 

Overcoming Divisions and Working for Peace

–  Learnings from an Ongoing Journey in Germany and from Ecumenical Partners

 

Introduction – Personal remarks

November 9, 1989, my husband and I were in vacation on the Islands of Acores. Although we only spoke a few words of the local language, we put the TV on to look at the weather card. What we saw in the news, was unbelievable. People were crossings the checkpoints in Berlin Wall from East to West, everyone seemed to celebrate. The wall was no longer the fortress to divide the country in two separate nation states. What a miracle. What an unexpected change after weeks of uncertainty, tumoils, fear, hopes and many prayers.

At the World Methodist Conference in Seoul in 2006, I took the opportunity to visit the Demilitarized Zone and I saw the border between North and South Korea. I felt the pain of the people of Korea, some of it I knew, although the consequences of the division in my home country were not as hard as it still is here. Since than my prayers for peace on the Korean Peninsula became more intense. Today, I am honored to join hands in the ecumenical efforts to pray and work for reunification and peace on the Korean Peninsula.

You asked me to speak about the German history and particularly about the role of the church in the process of unification. Reflections on the unification in Germany

Remarks on the German history

When World War II ended with the unconditional surrender of Nazi-Germany May 8,1945, the victorious countries USA, United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union divided Germany in four sectors. Berlin, the former capitol, was also divided and occupied by the four allied states. Geographically, Berlin was in the Soviet sector. May 23, 1949, three of the sectors were allowed to form the Federal Republic of Germany, a democratic state which joined the Western systems. October 7, 1949, the Soviet sector became the German Democratic Republic, a socialist state within the Eastern bloc later called Warsaw Pact. When the two states were formed, the allied forces agreed that Berlin would continue to be a divided city, the part under soviet occupation became the capital of the GDR. Travel from any place in the Federal Republic of Germany to Berlin and vice versa always meant to transit through the GDR. Other than in Korea, there was never a war between the two German states and relationships between families, churches and civil society were possible. In the 50s and 60s, the GDR became more and more a closed state, protected by the Berlin Wall which was built August 13, 1961, fences at all border lines with death strips, automatic ripples, and a system of spies and pressure towards its own people. And the divided country of Germany was a main battlefield for the cold war between systemic and military blocs. Until today, US nuclear weapons are stationed in Germany. Other than in Korea, there was never a war between the two German states and relationships between families, churches and civil society were always possible. Between the two German nations, relationships improved in the 1970s, when Chancellor Willy Brandt visited the GDR and implemented a political approach called “change through convergence”. In the late 80s, several factors which led to the collapse of the soviet imperium: economic mismanagement, people’s movements demanding freedom, and Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow allowing for “perestroika” which means political and economic change towards freedom and capitalism. Regarding the GDRonly a few people in East and West Germany dared to dream of a quick and peaceful unification of the two separate states. For Germany, I avoid the word “re-unification”. Nazi Germany covered also parts which today belong to Poland and other countries - and although the German nation became one, we build a new state, not comparable with Germany before World War II.

Contribution of Churches in the GDR towards unification

The GDR regime was atheistic. Followers of Christ were facing certain difficulties and detriments. Yet there was no massive persecution. Church life and ecumenical relationships were possible. Rather big Methodist Churches were built in the 50s, many people went to church at that time. The United Methodist Church had to divide in two Episcopal Areas in 1970, but the two Central Conferences in East and West kept relationships. There were congregational partnerships and from the 70s onwards, groups from West Germany received visas to visit their partner churches in the GDR. Although church life was critically observed by the secret service of the communist regime, congregations and church buildings were not only places to worship, but also places to engage in social justice issues and to dream and strategize a future with less restrictions. Churches became particularly a vessel for the peace movement in opposition to armament. In times, the GDR used 11 % of the spendings for military expenses. With perseverance, creativity and even shrewdness, Christians opposed the militarization. Here is one example for cleverness to publicly critique an oppressive state: Churches needed the permission of the state if they wanted to print books, flyers etc. No permission was needed to print ornaments on fabric. A Christian owned a small factory to produce textile printings. He used the image of a famous statue, a gift that former Soviet president Chrustschow had given to the United Nations in New York in 1959: The statue illustrates Micah 4:3: “They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruninghooks: nation shall not lift up a sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.” Many people – young and old – put the textile button on their jackets and shirts. The symbol was a public witness for a peaceful future. In addition, many people attended “Peace Prayers” which were organized in many churches. The peace prayer movement started in the early 80s. In the late 80s, these prayers became a place not only for spiritual nourishment, but also for arranging public peaceful demonstrations for change. All of this happened within the GDR. In fact, the unification of the country is a fruit of the labor of those who were oppressed and who suffered most under the division. It is probably fair to say that neither those courageous people in the GDR who dared to risk their life for change nor people who supported the movement in the West really believed in the unification of the country. The aims of the activists were disarmament, better life conditions, an end of the political oppression, true democracy, and the freedom to move. Even after the fall of the wall, when the borders were open and people could meet, many people in the GDR including many Christians did not want a quick unification, but a longer process to discern a future for Germany according to the values that guided the liberation movement. My personal hope was that we together would discern a future that takes up learnings from socialism (without the dictatorial and ideological misuse) and build a truly united state. But capitalism was very attractive. After only one year, the unification took place. Basically, it was an adaptation of the GDR to the Western system with dramatic changes for all in the GDR.

Transnational and international contributions

Have there been contributions from churches from outside the GDR to enable change? Yes. It could be summarized under the heading: Churches cared and kept the bounds, so that walls and weapons could not destroy the unity in Christ. And churches provided possibilities for citizens of the GDR to take part at international Christian discernment and several events and conventions. Particularly a process which emerged at the World Council of Churches Assembly in Vancouver 1983 became important for the developments in the GDR and the entire “Eastern Bloc”. At the Vancouver WCC Assembly, the delegation of the GDR suggested to initiate an Ecumenical Council on Peace, according to what Dietrich Bonhoeffer had asked for in 1933. The Assembly took up the suggestion and started a process where churches were encouraged to work on the intersections of Justice, Peace, and Integrity of Creation. There were three Ecumenical Assemblies in the GDR 1988 and 1989 in Dresden, Magdeburg and Dresden – in preparation for a European Ecumenical Assembly May 1989 and the World Assembly in Seoul 1990. The GDR regime was not supportive to the churches, nor did it care for the topics justice, peace or creation care. But it wanted to be recognized as an international partner by international bodies like the WCC. Therefore, the churches in the GDR were allowed to organize three national conventions in 1988 and 1989, which became a platform to discuss a move towards change. The JPIC Assemblies were structured as such that it was an open process where all were encouraged to contribute. Individuals, church leaders and grass rout initiatives focusing f.e. on peace, disarmament and democracy shaped the process. The Assembly reports, written as a contribution to the upcoming European and global assemblies, were an asset for the liberation movement.

What about Methodist transnational relationships? I mentioned earlier the structural divide of United Methodist Church because of the political reality. Relationships continued though. There were visits, the process was demanding, but it worked. Groups met in East Berlin; financial support was made available. Nevertheless, we all got accustomed to the realities in a divided country and church. Even prayers became a somewhat languid ritual. Sometimes, siblings from other countries were more hopeful than we that change might happen. Let me share one example: March 29 to April 2, 1989, the women’s division of the UMC managed to organize the European Area Seminar of the World Federation of Methodist and United Church Women in Potsdam, which is in the German Democratic Republic. It meant a lot to the Methodist Women in East Germany that they were allowed to host such an international event. Of course it was not easy. The program and all material was checked by government officials. It was a blessed time though. Until today I hear stories of the seminar. Women from other European countries asked the German sisters from East and West of the wall: Do you believe in re-unification? Both groups denied. All were quite realistic at that time – and grateful for some improvements in the relationships. At one of worship services, every participant received a candle as a symbol and souvenir. One participant from England said: “Thank you. I take the candle as a reminder to pray for unification. And I will lighten it after it happened.” Nobody what have thought that the candle would be lightened only a few months later.

An open window for Christians

Summer 1989, many citizens of the GDR left the country via Hungary or Czech Republic. Public demonstrations against the oppressive regime grew in numbers week by week. Every Monday, at 5 pm, churches around the country were open for peace prayers. This was not new. The peace prayer movement started in the early 80s. Now, more and more people came. Christians and those who hoped for chance centered themselves in prayer. Hymns like “We shall overcome” helped to gain confidence and hope. Churches were truly sacred places open to anyone. Hundreds met and used the space offered by Christians. There were tensions between those who focused on prayer and others who focused on their political agenda for transformation only. Yet the power of the gospel as it is expressed in Jesus’ sermon on the mount was experienced. In a time of violence and threats of an oppressive dictatorship, churches became a place where God’s shalom, Christ’s peace and the love of the Holy Spirit were at work. The prayers were followed by demonstrations in the streets of many cities. Fear and violent reactions from the state towards the peoples movement increased, but the demonstrations did not end in mass violence. And the fact that November 1989 the checkpoints in the Berlin wall were opened, was completely unexpected. It kind of happened incidentally. A spokesperson of the Government said in a press conference that travel would become easier soon. Someone asked: When does the government open the borders? The spokesperson said: “I believe now!” People went immediately to the checkpoints and those in charge for security decided to avoid chaos and opened the gates. Free movement was possible, all of a sudden. More steps had to follow soon. In the interim period between the fall of the wall and the unification, Christians engaged in the quickly installed “Round Tables”. From local to national level, those who worked for change discussed how to manage a peaceful and just move. It was important, f.e., to avoid that documents of the government and the security police were destroyed, so that injustice could be disclosed, and harm been done was not forgotten. Those who had been active in churches knew best to lead such a process; churches had been places of democratic decisions even in the dictatorship. Rev Martin Lange from the United Methodist Church, at that time serving as General Secretary of the Christian Council of Churches in the GDR, was one of three moderators of the national Round Table and helped with his experiences in Methodist conferences to facilitate the tremendous change process.

The unification was the fruit of many people’s labor and perseverance, it was the result of a huge political change in Moscow, and it was an answer to prayers – an unexpected and overwhelming answer though. With humility and gratitude one can testify that the church was an important actor. In the process of unification after 1990, the church was no longer such an important place to be. And we, the churches in East and West, focused quickly on our internal processes how to reunite as one church. We probably missed opportunities to stay relevant for our country and the world.

Tensions and divisions continue

After a time of joy and celebration, the hard work to organize political structures, civil services, economy, and social life in the former GDR became very challenging, whereas life in the West continued without big disruptions. The industry in East Germany collapsed; many companies were closed. Unemployment rate was high. Important positions in newly built companies and in the civil service including governmental positions were given to people from West Germany. Although much money was spent to build up the infrastructure and to equalize the standard of living, many people from the GDR felt badly treated. They quickly saw themselves as losers and/or mere recipients who had to be grateful for blessings from the Western economy. A pastor from East Germany with whom I chatted in preparation for this lecture, said: “I – and many others in East Germany- constantly asked myself: What could we have done better? Colleagues from the West seemed to be convinced that they always were on the right side of history.”

Many of these dynamics were probably not avoidable and many things went very well. There is one democratic German state today, which is a blessing. But we could have done better, if we would have listened to one another with more sensitivity. We did not realize that change takes time. The Methodist pastor Wolfgang Ruhnow said at a pastors meeting in 1991: “It proved to be an error that open borders would automatically lead to open minds.” He also said: “We (the German people from West and East) were far stranger to one another than we suspected, and we are led by different interests”. In the process towards unification, we in Germany missed opportunities because of our impatience and – for the West – of our ignorance. Today, 33 years after the unification, tensions between West and East seem to increase once more. In the “new federal states”, as we call the area of the former German Democratic Republic, a new right-wing party “Alternative für Deutschland” gains more attraction then in the Western part. People in the West blame their fellow Germans in the East for that. The wall is still in place in many people’s minds. In the churches, “West”-“East” questions are no longer discussed, for good or bad. We have places of encounters, but we rarely talk about the former and current divisions. About one third of the 44.816 Methodists in Germany live in the region of the former GDR. But with few exceptions, the main offices in the Central Conference are taken by members from the South Germany Annual Conference. We are one country, we are one church, yet the task to cross borders and to build a beloved and just community continues. 

Learnings

It is impossible for me to tell you in Korea how to do the hard work of peace building. I dare, however, to share some learnings from my experience in Germany.

Preparations for miracles

The tensions between South Korea and allies and North Korea and allies are worse than it was in Germany. In addition, the divide continues for more than 70 years and there are only very few possibilities for people to meet relatives and/or siblings in Christ, which was possible in Germany. Realistically, there is no reason to expect re-unification or even the ratification of a peace treaty soon. Nevertheless, history proves that unexpected change can happen. It is wise to think of possible next steps and scenarios if there is a miracle. What would be of help for the most vulnerable? How would it be possible to overcome not only the economic challenges, but the deep fractures?

Look at the big picture and be mindful of the day-to-day experience of the most vulnerable

In our globalized world, there is nothing as such as a national or local conflict. The German divide was a decision of super-powers after the terrible misery caused by Germany in World War II. The division ended by a formal agreement of the four victorious countries. The lack of peace on the Korean peninsula is a conflict which is used and misused by super-powers for their own interest and purposes. We who wish to become peacemakers must face these global dynamics. AND we must not forget the impact on the daily lives of ordinary people. See the harm that the huge military expenses and the sanctions cause on the livelihoods of North Koreans. See the pain of women in South Korea trafficked to “satisfy” US soldiers. See how the seed of demonization of “the enemy” bears fruits in individuals and in the societies. Pray and work for changes, perhaps small ones, to pave the way to peace.

Withstand the temptation to justify violence as a means to work for change

The big contribution of Christians in the struggle for change in the GDR was their strong conviction: “No violence! Beat swords into plowshares!” After the Monday Prayers, demonstrators left the churches with candles, knowing that they would face armed forces outside in the streets. I know there are other examples in human fights for more just societies. Sometimes violent acts were unavoidable. But true peace will not arise from armament and bombs will not bring justice.

We need (international) partners, within Christian churches and ecumenical bodies and beyond

In many aspects Germans in East and West had limited perspectives and even limited expectations for the future. For some, pain and difficulties were overwhelming. For others, the plea for better relationships with the communist partner country was either annoying or boring. There is an African saying: “It needs a village to raise a child”. I dare to adopt it: “It needs a world to work for peace with justice”.

Peaceful unification is never “done”, it is a journey, an ongoing task, nourished by our longing for justice and our hope in Christ, the Prince of Peace

There is peace in Germany if one describes peace as a status. Yet the tensions between East and West are still there, if not increasing. There is not even a Peace Treaty in Korea. Wherever we are in our efforts for peace, justice, reconciliation, and unity, we need to do the next faithful step on a journey towards peace with justice. As followers of Christ, we are called to be leaders in this journey, knowing that by God’s grace, we will receive what the offer.

Here is again a quote of Rev Wolfgang Ruhnow, a retired pastor from East Germany. He wrote 1991:

“We (Christians) are told:

You are forgiven.

You may receive.

You can be transformed.

You are needed.

You are not alone.

You are on your way – not at the destination.

In all our congregations this can be experienced – the crucial question is though whether we listen with expectations and give off what we receive.”

And finally: WHAT NEXT?

Currently, possibilities for direct encounters with Christians in North Korea and the Korean Christian Federation seem nearly impossible. These encounters are crucial for keeping the journey towards a peaceful future on the Korean Peninsula alive. The World Council of Churches in its recent Central Committee meeting June 21-27,2023 issued a statement on the 70th Anniversary of the Korean War Armistice Agreement. In this statement, two topics are mentioned as possible next steps:
“To help break this current cycle of confrontation, we believe that an important step would be to formally acknowledge the end of the Korean War 1950-1953 by replacing the temporary Armistice Agreement with a peace treaty. Seventy years of suspended state of war is illogical, and a deeply unconstructive context for engaging with current realities on the Korean Peninsula. Moreover, a peace treaty to replace the Armistice Agreement is a longstanding commitment and objective of the South Korean National Council of Churches in Korea (NCCK) as well as of the KCF in North Korea, supported by the WCC.” Let us advocate for such a peace treaty and use all possible contacts to our various governments.

Secondly, we should advocate “for relaxation of maximum pressure sanctions on North Korea, which have failed in their stated purpose of preventing North Korea from acquiring nuclear weapon capabilities but which present major obstacles to diaconal cooperation with the North Korean people, as well as to political dialogue”.

Most of all, let us continue to pray without ceasing, as we confess: “For he (Christ) is our peace; in his flesh he has made both groups into one and has broken down the dividing wall, that is, the hostility between us.” (Ephesians 2:14)

 

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